Hopper and traugott 1993 3 language change is a topic that spreads itself over a wide range of areas. It is the entire construction, and not simply the lexical meaning of. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes. Two steps in the evolution of language elly van gelderen 6 september 2006 grammaticalization is an easily observable process in the history of languages and has therefore frequently been seen as involved in the evolution of language from its earliest stage to the present. The approach adopted by di meola is canonically fitted into grammaticalization theory. In the following i refer to key stages in the development of the discussion on contactinduced grammaticalization and the questions it addresses, as well as. Grammaticalization of down the grammaticalization of down began already in late old english. This chapter surveys how usage effects propel grammaticalization on the phonetic, semantic, and syntactic dimensions, focusing on the structural changes. What we need is a more elaborate theory of linguistic categories that allows us to distinguish between different subtypes of grammaticalization. I do know what grammaticalization generally refers to. Grammaticalization as optimization stanford university. Presenting a wealth of evidence from african languages, the authors argue that the development of grammatical categories is in fact strongly influenced by pragmatic and cognitive. I was only puzzled by the idiosyncratic use of its variant gramaticization in the paper mentioned above. Grammaticalization theory adds little to the insights of traditional historical linguistics despite purporting to offer a new way of looking at data concerning grammatical forms.
Among the topics that have received much attention in this connection are the grammaticalization of. The notion of contactdriven grammaticalization represents an attempt to address these questions within the framework of an overall theory of grammatica lization. It is therefore obvious that grammaticalization theory provides a principled tool to bridge the boundary between two domains of linguistic analysis that tend to be treated as distinct, namely grammar and pragmatics. Emanuel karlsson makes an intriguing attempt to combine insights from. This paper argues that grammaticalization processes can be systematically described using the framework of functional discourse grammar fdg. Standard theory chomsky 1965 through the minimalist. The book provides a systematic overview of all empirical aspects of demonstratives and addresses a number of theoretical issues that are of more general interest in typology, syntax and grammaticalization theory.
Ppt grammaticalization powerpoint presentation free to. Pdf grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing. Grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing. While the comparative method is concerned with regularities in phonological change, grammaticalization theory deals with regularities of grammatical change. Within the trajectoire project, motion sentences were elicited using. Di meola, on the basis of wide underlying materials, has explored a number of cases that can be analyzed to a certain extent as prepositional phrases.
What is the difference between grammaticalization and. Thus it creates new function words by a process other than deriving them from existing bound, inflectional. Theoretical contexts for the study of lexicalization and. Grammaticalization, the process of converting regular lexical items and structures into conventionally interpreted grammatical morphemes, has traditionally been perceived as a syntactic or morphological process. Grammaticalization as feature economy elly van gelderen abstract. The theory of diachronic linguistics and investigations into the serbian language.
A hierarchical approach to grammaticalization kees hengeveld amsterdam center for language and communication. My current understanding of gramaticization as used in that paper is that it is restricted to the result rather than the process, and, perhaps, that it. The grammaticalization cycle university of michigan. In an az format, this 2002 book summarizes the most salient generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change of. A usagebased theory of grammatical status and grammaticalization kasper boye, peter harder language, volume 88, number 1, march 2012, pp. This volume challenges theories which describe language as a static system, as well as those which assume that linguistic categorization is based on discrete morpheme types, word classes, or sentence. Grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing language evolution bernd heine and tania kuteva to appear in maggie tallerman and kathleen gibson eds. Theory and method in grammaticalization christian lehmann. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization heiko narrog. The product of ten years of research, world lexicon of grammaticalization. In an az format, this 2002 book summarizes the most salient generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change of grammatical forms and constructions. Grammaticalization theory as a basis for the panchronic study of the serbian language.
Evans, we made use of the manual transcriptions provided by the text creation partner. The gradual coalescence into words in grammaticalization1 martin haspelmath 1 historical background it has long been known that morphologically complex forms often arise from earlier syntactic phrases. By understanding how structure, such as constituent structure, emerges from cognitive representa. Since the 1980s theories and studies of grammaticalization have provided a major source of inspiration for the description and explanation of language change, giving rise to many publications and conferences. Leading scholars from around the world introduce and discuss the core theoretical and methodological bases of grammaticalization, report on work in the field, and point to promising. The emergence of merge brings with it certain relations such as specifiers, heads, complements, and ccommand. Pragmaticalization defined as grammaticalization of. Select multiple pdf files and merge them in seconds.
Not long after meillets introduction of the term grammaticalization, linguistics came to be dominated by saussurean structuralism, a theory or set of theories founded on the synchronic perspective 30a, which had little time for the more diachronic fields. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of. In both developments, abstract grammatical meanings are. Theory and practice in language studies issn 17992591 volume 2, number 1, january 2012 contents regular papers constraint on merge. Grammaticalization 27 w verb form of the verb habthat was free in other contexts to appear in a variety of positions, including before the non nite verb. The handbook provides a full, critical assessment of every aspect of this research.
This is a point also brought home in much detail in. World lexicon of grammaticalization while the comparative method is concerned with regularities in phonological change, grammaticalization theory deals with regularities of grammatical change. The goal of this project is to develop the theory and practice of fdg, as presented in kees hengeveld and j. While grammaticalization is defined as a functionally motivated, complex type. Still, one thing that grammaticalization definitely has gotten right in recent years is the emphasis on constructions and on forms in actual use, and not in the. Pragmaticalization defined as grammaticalization of discourse functions1 gabriele diewald abstract the article discusses definitions of grammaticalization, pragmaticalization and intersubjectification in order to clarify the relations between these terms. There are a few studies that combine those approaches e. In historical linguistics and language change, grammaticalization also known as grammatization or grammaticization is a process of language change by which words representing objects and actions i. In an az format, this book summarizes the most salient generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change ofgrammatical forms.
Latin and eskimo are examples, the latter an extreme example called polysynthetic, where the distinction between word and sentence is weak. Context types in grammaticalization as constructions. Grammaticalization, constructions and the incremental. Within early minimalism, there are economy principles such as last resort, least e. The study of grammaticalization raises a number of fundamental theoretical issues pertaining to the relation of langue and parole, creativity and automatic coding, synchrony and diachrony, categoriality and continua, typological characteristics and languagespecific forms, etc. Theory and practice in language studies cultureready. A minimalist study of lexicalization and grammaticalization by james andrew berry a dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of philosophy approved april 2011 by the graduate supervisory committee. The development of english each other grammaticalization. The gradual coalescence into words in grammaticalization. Context types in grammaticalization as constructions constructions sv192006, urn.
In particular, function words often become morphological affixes, as in the examples in 1. I argue that there are two crucial steps to the evolution of syntax, namely merge and, following from principles connected with it, grammaticalization. Between the third and sixth centuries, present tense habwas cliticized in postverbal position, i. Grammaticalization theory and data edited by sylvie. The torrent of new comitatives in baltofinnicsaami was caused by morphosyntactic analogy. They discuss previous models and relate grammaticalization studies to alternative approaches such as localism and natural grammar theory. Elly van gelderen, chair karen adams robert mailhammer. This book presents the state of the art in research on grammaticalization, the process by which lexical items acquire grammatical function, grammatical items get additional functions, and grammars are created. The descriptive goal of using grammaticalization theory as a framework for. The grammaticalization cycle languages fall onto a spectrum according to how much of their grammar is morphology i. Grammaticalization 1 grammaticalization historical linguistics 2 definition grammaticalization is the process whereby lexical items develop into grammatical items and items that are already grammaticalized assume new grammatical functions. This entry describes 1 the specific mechanisms of historical language change which underpin grammaticalization, 2 the major competing explanatory accounts of grammaticalization, 3 the pathways of change along which grammaticalization takes place, and 4 current issues and recent developments in grammaticalization research. The latter principle makes it possible to explain grammaticalization, an important phenomenon in language change. Clipp christiani lehmanni inedita, publicanda, publicata.
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